View source for Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant

[[Image:Calvert Cliffs retouched.jpg|thumb|right]]
The '''Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant''' (CCNPP) is a nuclear power plant located on the western shores of the [[Chesapeake Bay]] in [[Lusby, Maryland|Lusby]], [[Calvert County, Maryland|Calvert County]], Maryland.

== Overview ==

The plant has two 2700 megawatt thermal (MWth) Combustion Engineering Generation II, two loop pressurized water reactors.  Each generating plant (CCNPP 1&2) produces approximately 850 megawatt electrical (MWe) net or 900 MWe gross. Each plant's electrical load consume approximately 50 MWe. These are saturated steam plants (non-superheated) and are approximately 33% efficient (ratio of 900 MWe gross/2700 MWth core).  Only the exhaust of the single High Pressure Main Turbine is slightly superheated by a two stage reheater before delivering the superheated steam in parallel to the three Low Pressure Turbines.  Unit 1 uses a General Electric designed main turbine and generator. Unit 2 uses a Westinghouse designed main turbine and generator. Almost two thirds of the heat produced by the reactor is returned to the bay which is its heat-sink for cooling.

In 2000, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission extended the license of the plant for 20 additional years, making Calvert Cliffs the first nuclear plant in the United States to receive such an extension.  President George W. Bush visited the plant in June 2005, the first time a president had visited a nuclear power plant in nearly three decades.

Constellation Energy, owner of Calvert Cliffs, announced it will probably build a new advanced US-Evolutionary Power Reactor (US-EPR) at this site using the services of UniStar Nuclear Energy. UniStar Nuclear Energy, a Delaware [[limited liability company]], is jointly owned by Constellation Energy (CEG) and Electicite de France (EdF), the builder and supplier of nuclear power plants in Europe.  This proposed single nuclear unit will produce approximately twice the energy of each individual existing plant.

An environmental report, the first principle component of a Combined Construction and Operating License application to build the UniStar EPR, was submitted to the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) by UniStar on 13 July 2007. The other main component would be a safety analysis.<ref>{{cite web
   |url=http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/newNuclear/First_part_of_first_COL_application_in.shtml
   |title=NRC: First part of first COL application in
   |date=2007-07-26
   |publisher=World Nuclear News
   |accessdate=2008-01-06
}}</ref>

On July 31, 2007 Constellation Energy filed an application to the NRC to review its plans to build a new nuclear power plant, [http://www.unistarnuclear.com/projects/cc3.htm Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant 3 (CCNPP 3)] based on the [[AREVA]] U.S. [[Evolutionary Power Reactor]]<ref>{{cite web
   |url=http://www.areva-np.com/scripts/info/publigen/content/templates/show.asp?p=1655&l=us&sync=y
   |title=EPR: the first generation III+ reactor currently under construction
   |publisher=AREVA NP
   |date=2008-01-04
   |accessdate=2008-01-09
}}</ref> (US-EPR), Generation III+<ref>{{cite web
   |url=http://www.areva-np.com/us/liblocal/docs/epr/epr_GenIII_performanceFactSheet090607.pdf
   |title=EPR: Generation III+ Performance Fact Sheet
   |publisher=AREVA NP
   |date=2008-01-04
   |accessdate=2008-01-09
}}</ref>, four loop pressurized water reactor. This is the first application made in the US in almost 30 years. The CCNPP 3 reactor will be rated at 4590 MW thermal/1710 MW electrical gross.  Plant loads will be approximately 110 Mwe, thus the net generation is 1600 MWe net. Plant thermal efficiency will be approximately 36% (ratio of 1710 MWe to 4590 MWth).

The plant will be located south of the existing CCNPP 1&2 and will be set back from the shoreline.  Although only a single unit, its power plant footprint will be almost 2 times the size of the twin units CCNPP 1&2.  It will have a closed-loop cooling system using a single hybrid mechanical draft cooling tower.  It will incorporate plume abatement (no visible water vapor plume).  Units 1&2 use an open-cycle heat dissipation system (no cooling towers).  Two thirds of the heat produced by the Unit 3 reactor will be released to the atmosphere via the cooling tower.  This also is a saturated steam plant with a Main Steam Turbine (one high pressure turbine in tandem with three low pressure turbines) and a Main Generator design similar to Unit 1 & 2. [[ALSTOM]] will supply the Main Steam Turbine and Main Generator.

Units 1 and 2 and their support facilities use a well water system for their potable water supply. It consists of five wells that pump water from the second highest aquifer, the Aquia Aquifer, at the minus 400-500 foot below sea level elevation. The State of Maryland limits daily usage for these five wells to 450,000 gallons per day (gpd). Actual daily usage averages 225,000 gpd. 

Unique to Unit 3 will be a desalination plant to produce potable water using reverse osmosis. The desalination plant will produce up to 1,250,000 gallon of potable water per day for Unit 3 and supporting facilities with total dissolved solids (TDS) less than 400 parts per million (ppm). The source for the desalination plant will be the [[brackish]] bay water from the makeup supply to the circulating water system. The TDS for the brackish bay water runs 10,000-15,000 ppm. The potable water will be distributed as makeup water for the demineralized water system, miscellaneous potable water services, fire protection and source water for the four ultimate heatsink cooling towers used during normal shutdown and power operation.

On November 13, 2007, Unistar Nuclear Energy and UniStar Nuclear Operations, which is a wholly-owned subsidiary of UniStar Nuclear Operations, filed an application for a certificate of public convenience and necessity with the Maryland Public Service Commission for authority to construct CCNPP 3.  This application, which is being considered in Case Number 9127, includes a schedule showing plant construction being completed in July 2015 and commercial operation in December 2015.

On January 29, 2008, Constellation Energy announced that its partial construction and operating license (COL) for the proposed Unit 3 has been docketed by the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC). This means that the NRC has determined the application is technically correct and ready for detailed review. Constellation announced it may begin ground breaking prior to the applications final approval by the NRC provided a federal loan guarantee by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) is assured. A final decision by Constellation to start construction will not take place for 12-18 months or mid-2009.

== Miscellaneous information ==

Unit 1 went into commercial service in 1975 and Unit 2 in 1977. The total cost of the two units was approximately 766 million USD. 

The estimated cost of the new proposed unit will be around 4 billion USD. It is estimated that it will take 8 years to place the new proposed unit into service.<ref name="pelton20071225">{{cite web
   |url=http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/local/bal-te.md.reactor25dec25,0,4107050.story?coll=bal_tab01_layout
   |title=Nuclear power has new shape
   |last=Pelton
   |first=Tom
   |publisher=The Baltimore Sun
   |date=2007-12-25
   |accessdate=2008-01-06
}}</ref>

Unit 1 had its two steam generators replaced in 2002.
Unit 2 had its two steam generators replaced in 2003.

Unit 1 had its reactor vessel closure head replaced in 2006.
Unit 2 had its reactor vessel closure head replaced in 2007.

== Fishing around the power plant ==

The water around the plant is a very popular place for anglers. Unit 1&2 each takes in bay water (from the fenced-in area) to cool its steam driven turbine condensers plus other bay water cooled primary and secondary system heat exchangers. The bay water is pumped out at a nominal flow rate of 1.2 million gallons per minute (75,000 L/s) per unit (Unit 1 and 2) for each steam turbine condenser. The water is returned to the bay being no more than 12 °F (6.7 °C) warmer than the bay water. Unlike many other nuclear power plants, Calvert Cliffs did not have to utilize water cooling towers to return the hot water to its original temperature, structures which are often associated with nuclear power plants. The warmer water encourages faster growth (relative to the surrounding area) of the small shellfish, plankton, and others at the base of the food chain. These attract the larger fish which are in turn sought after by the anglers. However, as the water comes out very quickly and creates a sort of artificial rip current, it can be a dangerous place to fish.

CCNPP 3 will only need about 10% of the bay cooling water volume needed for Unit 1 and 2 combined. The increase in fish and shellfish impingement and entrainment will be less than 3.5% over Unit 1 and 2 existing conditions.

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
*{{cite web
   |url=http://webapp.psc.state.md.us/Intranet/CaseNum/CaseForm.cfm
   |title=<em>Case Number: 9127</em> IN THE MATTER OF THE APPLICATION OF UNISTAR NUCLEAR ENERGY, LLC AND UNISTAR NUCLEAR OPERATING SERVICES, LLC FOR A CERTIFICATE OF PUBLIC CONVENIENCE AND NECESSITY TO CONSTRUCT A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT AT CALVERT CLIFFS IN CALVERT COUNTY, MARYLAND
   |date=2007-11-13
   |publisher=Maryland Public Service Commission
   |accessdate=2008-01-06
}}

==External links==

*[http://www.constellation.com/portal/site/constellation/menuitem.0275303d670d51908d84ff10025166a0/ Official website]
*[http://unistarnuclear.com/ UniStar Nuclear website]
*[http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/nuclear/page/at_a_glance/reactors/calvertcliff.html DoE page on Calvert Cliffs]
*[http://www.areva-np.com/us/liblocal/docs/EPR/U.S.EPRbrochure_1.07_final.pdf U.S. EPR Description (PDF)]

[[Category:Calvert County, Maryland]]
[[Category:Largest Employers]]